Theoretical Frameworks of Organizational Behavior (OB):-
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| Theoretical Frameworks of Organizational Behavior (OB) |
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Theoretical Frameworks of Organizational Behavior (OB):-
The field of study which focus on finding how people interact within groups and its findings are used to operate business with more efficiency, effectiveness, productivity and profitability is called organizational behavior (OB). Some behavior is visible and some not. So, some theoretical frameworks are needed to know, forecast and manage behavioral patterns of staff in an organization.
No one can observe perception of anyone but by using theories we can predict the perception of people. We have following three theoretical frameworks for that purpose:-
A).Cognitive
Framework:-
The mental process of getting, understanding and comprehending knowledge, information, items or something is known as cognition. This process completes through the medium of thought, experiences and senses. Cognition has been derived from Latin word “cognoscerse” which means get to know. Framework is conceptual setting which helps to builds something new useful. Cognitive framework of organizational behavior is based on concept of expectancy, demand and intensions of staff.
(a).Expectancy:-It is the state of mind which is waiting for happening something good
(b).Demand:-It is the state of asking or insisting for something or need.
(c).Intensions:-It is willingness to have something desired happens.
According to Edward Tolman, learning is done with the certain expectancy that certain event will lead to certain consequences. It means creature are so aware of goal and results of behavior they committed. It means employees set certain goal and also knows the behavior that carries to achievement of such goal. They also inspired by benefits of achieving certain goals in learning. Cognitive approach is useful in evaluating personality, perception, motivation, belief, attitude and decision making of employees in organization.
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(B).Behavioristic
Approach:-
Ivan Pavlov
and Jon B Watson emphasizes that it would be more beneficial to study the visible
behavior of human than cognitive process which is illusive in nature. According
to them, the behavior can be observed properly in terms of stimulus and
response. They did experimentation on the effect of stimulus and they found that
learning completes when stimulus-response connection is established. The forces
of action or motivation is called stimulus. The reaction or behavior is called
response. Later, BF skinner added that employees show certain behavior after thinking
contingent environmental consequences. It means behavioristic approach depends on
both visible behavior and visible environmental factors.
Skinner believes
that behavior is functions of its consequences. If managers told employees to
complete three loan sanction within a day, the order of manager would be
stimulus to employees. If employees complete three loan sanction within a day,
this sanction would be the response of employees. If employees get leave after
completing loan sanction, it would be the consequences. It means certain
behavior can be achieved from an individual by giving certain consequences desired
by him.
(C).Social
Cognitive Framework:-
This framework
emphasizes that behavior can be properly described through mutual interaction among
cognitive, behavioral and environmental factors. The cognitive process or person
and environmental factors do not interact in separate way, but “in conjunction
with behavioral factors itself” both mutually interact to determine behavior.
It means cognitive factors and environmental factors mainly, partially past
behavior related experience influences on what person becomes and what can do
in subsequent behavior. Personal cognition changes with past experiences.
Later, Brandura developed comprehensive Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Stajkovic
and Luthans translated social cognitive theory to theoretical framework for
organizational behavior. Social cognitive theory identifies the behaviorism’s
cognitive environmental consequences and also consists cognitive process of
self regulation. Social part of SCT recognizes social origins of human thoughts. Cognitive part finds impact of thought
process to human action, attitude and motivation. In SCT organizational participants are both
product and producers of personality, environment and behavior. The participant
as a group produce environment, each person is product of environment, by his
behavior changes environment for others as well as himself, each person is product
of own personality, his personality is also influenced by consequences of results
of his behavior.
Bandura has given
five core human capability of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT).
(a)Forethought:-Employees determine in advance their
actions.
(b).Symbolizing:- Employees process visual experience
to cognition which helps in upcoming action.
(c).Observational:-Employees learn by watching reference
group’s performance and consequences of their actions.
(d).Self
regulation:-
Employees self-regulate their actions by determining self-standards.
(e).Self reflective:- Employees take feedback self-performance
and determine how they can perform successfully in future.
Frequently Asked Questions
2.What are the theoretical frameworks of OB? |
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