Foundations of Individual Behavior.
Table of contents
Foundations of Organizational Behavior:- |
(A).Personal factors,
(B).Environmental
factors,
(C).Organizational
systems and resources.
(A).Personal factors:-
The personal factors influencing the individual behavior are hereditary and cognitive features.
Hereditary features
come to people from their genetics. It is by birth features which can't be
changed. Organization should identify hereditary features of staff to lead
their individual behavior towards achieving organizational goal. Hereditary
features influencing individual behavior are physiological features,
qualification, capability, age, gender, term, relationship status and wisdom.
Physiological features
of person are complexion, body weight, height, skin, voice, hair and eyesight
etc. These may have impact on behavior of individual.
(ii).Qualification
Level and nature of
qualification influence on individual behavior.
Proper qualification plays role in keeping individual positive, providing
sound income, broader employment options and better lifestyle.
(iii).Capability
Capability is the
ability or capacity of individual to execute different types of task in
organization. It is two types in nature. These are intellectual capability and
physical capability.
(iv).Age
Age influences
individual behavior. Younger employees are assumed to be more, innovative, energetic,
adventurous, risk taking, ambitious, with high stamina, customer friendly and highly
job quitting in nature than older. Older employees are assumed to be more
conservative, less adaptable, less stamina but less job quitting in nature than
younger.
(v). Gender
People are male or female
or third gender by birth. Female employees are assumed to be more emotional, adaptable
to management, less attentive, less-customer friendly and job quitter in nature
than male. Male are assumed to be more tougher, aggressive to management, more
attentive, customer friendly and job quitting in nature than female.
(vi). Term
Term is duration of
work experience. Highly experienced employees are assumed to be more
productive, less job quitter and highly satisfied in nature than less
experienced.
(vii).Relationship Status
Married workers are
assumed to have less absences, more job satisfaction, less turnover, more
responsible and more value to job than single.
(viii).Wisdom
Wisdom is the level of
intelligence which can be increased through inspiration, proper environment,
practices, learning and continuous efforts. People with higher wisdom are
assumed to be less rigid and stubborn. They are assumed to be soft, calm and anticipatable.
(ix).Religion
Religion influences on
moral, ethics and code of conducts. Religion helps in shaping attitudes towards
works and extrinsic rewards. Highly religious people are supposed to be loyal,
honest, less corrupted, customer friendly, soft, calm, goal oriented and less
lazy in nature.
(b). Cognitive Features:-
The acquired or learnt
characteristics of individual are known as cognitive features. These factors are learnt after birth. These
factors can be changed. Employees achieve these factors from atmosphere and
makes opinion about others. It is very difficult to predict cognitive features
because these are invisible in nature. Major elements of cognitive features are
learning, personality, values, attitudes, emotions, expectations, learning and
perceptions.
(i). Expectations:-
Expectations are
strong hope or belief that something positive results will come as standard set
on the pre state of mind plan. Expectations influence on individual behavior. If
employees expect to be promoted or rewarded, they will try to perform better
than others.
(ii).Values:-
It is the ethical belief or convictions that
guide the actions of individual. It is individual ethics about right or wrong. Organization
should focus on some values like equity, freedom, equality, honesty and
obedience and so on. Studying values are
so important in individual behavior which helps in understanding attitudes,
motivation and perceptions.
(iii).Perceptions:-
The process whereby
people select, organize and interpret the sensory stimulus into meaningful
information about working environment is called perceptions. Same event can be
perceived in different ways by different individuals. Some people assume
cannabis as plant for addiction and some believes it as medicinal plant.
(iii).Attitudes:-
The long lasting
feelings, belief and behavioral tendencies directed towards specific people,
group, ideas, issues, objects is called attitudes. It expresses positive or
negative feelings towards anything. Positive attitude helps to increase
productivity, reduce job turnover and absenteeism. Negative attitude is
opposite results of that.
(iv).Personality:-
The set of comparatively
stable unique characteristics of a person which makes him different from other
is known as personality. It is combined form of physiological and psychological
traits. Personality influences on individual behavior. Extrovert personalities
are more successful in sales and marketing job than introvert.
(v).Emotions:-
A strong sentiment or
feeling created from one's situation, circumstances, mood or relationship with
others is called emotions. It is temporary in nature which arises due to
internal and external stimulus. Emotions influence the ability to receive,
process and reaction to information.
Generally, emotions are of major six categories;- anger, fear, joy,
love, sadness and surprise. Employees can't be customer friendly while they are
in anger, sadness or fear, it is negative emotions. But they become customer
friendly while they are happy, in joy or love, it is positive emotions.
(vi).Learning:-
The relatively
permanent change brought in individual behavior which occurs as result of
experience is called learning. Learning is task of earning knowledge. People
continuously learn until they exist. Positive learning brings positive impact
on individual behavior.
External environment
is assumed to have higher influence on individual behavior. These are economic, socio-cultural, political, legal and technical factors.
(a).Economic Factors:-
Individual behavior is
influenced by economic factors. Organizational atmosphere where individuals
work is largely influenced by economic factors. Major economic factors are job
opportunity, compensation and economic cycles.
(i).Job opportunities:-
Availabilities of job
opportunity influence individual behavior. Employee turnover will be low though
job is less satisfactory if less job opportunity is available. Employee will
leave the job though current job is satisfactory and try to achieve maximum
satisfaction at another job if another better job is easily available.
(ii).Compensation:-
The total monitorial and
non-monitorial payments that employer provide to an employee for purchasing the
work that employee done for organization is called compensation. The value of
compensation influence individual behavior in organization. If organization is
providing higher compensation to the job employee performs, employee turnover
will be less. Otherwise, employees will try to search another organization
paying higher compensation for job they will perform.
(iii). Economic cycles:-
Employee's behavior is influenced by economic cycles. Generally, they expect job security and continuous income even in recession of economy. So, they love being part of organization having such facilities. Government offices or state owned companies sure job security and constant income even in recession of economy generally so employee's turnover is less in these organizations.
(b).Socio-cultural factors:-
The bonding with friends, family, subordinates
and supervisors is the key of social environment. These things influence the
individual behavior. Cultures determine the values and belief of
individual. Cultural factors influencing
individual behavior are such as:-
(i).Values and belief
(ii). Work ethics,
(iii).Effort-reward
expectations etc.
(c).Political factors:-
Political factors
influence individual behavior indirectly. It influences individual behavior through
another various aspects. Political situation, political institutions, pressure
groups and political philosophy influence the individual behavior.
(i).Political Philosophy:-
Political philosophy
influences the individual behavior. Democratic philosophy provides more
relative freedom to individual that can influence on career selection, job
design and performance. Totalitarian provides controls society and no more job
related freedom are offered.
(ii).Political Situation:-
Political situation
influence the individual behavior. Politically stable countries have more job
opportunity and high level of capital investment so that people never try to go
foreign for job opportunities. People of politically instable country leave their
nation for better job opportunity and better system of another country. It
happens due to low job opportunity and less capital investment in instable
countries.
(iii).Pressure groups:-
Strong pressure group
feedbacks employees about service they are providing and behavior they are
showing to customers. Employees always become careful while serving them. If
they could not service them properly, employees may leave job too due to more
stress.
(iv).Political system:-
The whole combination
of election process, power centers and political parties are called political system.
Good governance of political system forces employees to be less corruptive,
punctual in performance and accountable to management and public.
(d).Technological
factors:-
Technology is
machinery, tools, techniques, methods or robotics anything that helps
institution to accomplish task fast with less efforts in qualitative and time
saving way. Technological development influences the individual behavior of
employees. The employees having more technical knowledge get more job
opportunities. So, turnover of technical manpower is higher. They always expect
more remuneration than non technical manpower.
(e).Legal
Factors:-
The rule of conduct
enforced by the state is known as law. They treat all persons equally. Legal
factors are all the legal surroundings that affect business activities. It
consists of acts, rules, regulations, institutions and processes. Individual
behavior of employees influenced by business law, general business legislation,
labor legislation, financial legislation, social legislation and soctoral
legislations etc.
(C).Organizational System and Resources:-
It consists of infrastructural arrangement, organizational resources, organizational structure, leadership, reward system and motivation.
(a).Infrastructural arrangement:-
Proper arrangement for
peace, heat, light, air, cleanliness, office lay out, furniture, and space provides positive vibes to individual. They perform with high morale and
organizational performance increases. They become loyal to organization.
(b).Organizational Resources:-
Resources are the technological,
human, financial and physical requirements of the organization which influence the
individual behavior of employees. Employees of organization having sufficient resources
work with full effort, high morale, less metal pressure, positivity, less
anger, stress free mood than others. They never quit organization with higher
resources too.
(c).Organizational Structure:-
Organizational
structure defines the procedure of job, relationships, division of work, chain
of command, span of control. Well defined organizational structure bring
positive work attitude, satisfaction, high morale, clarity and less stress to
employees than unclear organizational structure.
(d).Leadership.
It is the process of influencing
workers to achieve the organizational objective. Managers should as a good
leader provide guidelines, support, suggestions and schooling to staff. Individual
behavior is learnt by behavior shown by management to them. So, the behavior managerial
must be sound than managerial qualities.
(e).Reward system:-
Organization should
arrange proper system to reward better performance. Reward system influences individual
behavior of employee. Performance based reward influences employees to perform
more tasks in smart way.
(f).Motivation:-
Organization should
track personal goals and motives of employee. They should be motivated
accordance with their personal motives. Motivated employees are more dedicated to
well being of organization than others.
Frequently Asked Questions
1.Explain foundations of organizational behavior. 2.Explain personal factors as foundations of organizational behavior. 3.Explain hereditary factors and cognitive factors as foundations of OB. 4.Explain environmental factors as foundations of OB. 5. Explain organizational system and resources as foundations of OB. 6. Explain economic, socio-cultural and political factors as foundations of OB. |
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